Jerry Blows The Call
Let’s say you and I are sitting at lunch and you get up to use the restroom. Uninvited, I grab your cell phone and start paging through your text messages and your directory and whatever else might be there. Are you legitimately upset with me for doing this? Have I done something wrong?
Yes, and yes — I have invaded your privacy.
Now let’s say we aren’t at lunch and instead I’m a cop who has just arrested you for speeding, or for slinging rock, or something else. Without bothering to get a search warrant first. How am I invading your privacy any less by reading your cell phone under those circumstances than I did when I read your phone at lunch?
In California, at least, that’s a lawful search. Here’s the story: on April 25, 2007, Gregory Diaz was arrested in Ventura for abetting the sale of Ecstacy (he was the driver, not the seller). During the pat-down incident to Diaz’ arrest, police found some marijuana and a cell phone. During interrogation, Diaz denied knowledge of the drug deal. A cop then searched through the text messages on the phone (no warrant) and found a message reading “6 4 80,” interpreting this as “6 tabs of Ecstacy for $80,” and he confronted Diaz with the evidence. Diaz then confessed. He entered a not guilty plea and moved to exclude evidence of the confession and the cell phone search; when the trial court denied that motion he changed his plea to guilty and appealed.
The California Supreme Court held that this was a righteous search. The cop going through text messages on the phone was incident to taking an inventory of the defendant’s possessions during the arrest. It seemed particularly interested in the fact that the search of the phone took place about half an hour after the arrest. In response, the California Legislature passed SB 914, which would have changed the law to require a warrant before searching a cell phone.
Further diminishing my chances of judicial nomination should my true identity be discovered and this blog scoured for evidence of my political opinions, I note critically today that the Governor has vetoed SB 914. SB 914 would have overturned, by legislation, the holding in People v. Diaz that reading an arrestee’s cell phone is “incient to an arrest” and therefore does not require a warrant. The Governor stated that he thought the courts were better-suited to handling these kinds of issues than the legislature and he preferred to see case-by-case determinations of when and under what circumstances cell phones could be searched by cops without warrants.
This veto tells cops, “Read the phones first, worry about legality later, and the sooner you read the phones, the better.” Evidence of unrelated crimes, or evidence of embarassing but otherwise legal events in the arrestee’s life (a drinking habit, pornography, extramarital affairs), or even evidence of innocuous things like the people I call the most often or how much money I have in the bank, is now fair game to use as leverage against an arrestee to pressure a confession. Since we have to wait for a judicial determination, case-by-case, of when a cell phone search is unreasonable, a search is presumptively reasonable right now — meaning that future cases deciding on the reasonability of a search will begin from the premise that the police have read People v. Diaz and thus have been instructed by the courts that they are allowed to search phones. As a practical matter, all warrantless cell phone searches are legal now.
I suppose the only thing citizens can do to protect their privacy is to password-protect their phones and refuse to give up the passwords when asked. Which makes an arrest that much more confrontational, that much more adversarial, that much more likely to lead to serious consequences. But what else can you do?
Diaz was going to be convicted anyway. The Court did not need to bend over backwards to ensure that his conviction stood or that future cases like this could go so easy for the cops. Notice how Diaz rolled over like a daschund begging for treats as soon as he saw the six-charcter text. Demanding a warrant in this case would not have reduced the effectiveness of the evidence once the cops had got it with a warrant.
When presented with a choice as to modification of the law, the presumption should be that the law should be modified in a manner that increases, rather than diminishes, individual liberty. This veto moves the law in the opposite direction. The decision of the Court did little to fight crime and this veto moves the state further away from the appropriate balance between individual civil liberties and effective policing against crime. That’s why I say Jerry Brown made the wrong call here.
Hear, hear, Mr. Likko. Hear, hear.Report
“I heard him say he was gonna kill that guy, and then he took out his gun.”
“Did you have a search warrant?”
“…no? Why did I need one?”
“Communications between private individuals are protected information, and since he hadn’t committed any crimes at the time you shot him, we have no choice but to find you guilty of murder.”Report
So you don’t believe there is anything to be said about what constitutes a legal, let alone practical, expectation of privacy?
That strikes me as fairly amusing, “Density Duck”.Report
If immediate communications–such as might be found on a cell phone–are considered private information that needs a warrant to retrieve, then how can “things I say” not be considered such?
Does information become private and inviolable just because I’m saying it into a telephone? If I’m talking on the phone in a public place and someone overhears me, are they violating my privacy?Report
> Does information become private and
> inviolable just because I’m saying it
> into a telephone?
Yes, actually. By law, they have to get a warrant to eavesdrop on your phone conversation, yes? Are you suggesting that this is unreasonable and we ought to get rid of it, because all conversations are public?
> If I’m talking on the phone in a public
> place and someone overhears me, are
> they violating my privacy?
Not in California. You have no expectation of privacy in such an occasion.
Similarly, you have no expectation of privacy if the cops are executing a warrant (or engaging in PC situations) and they overhear you say something in real time, IIRC.
So if the cop pulls you over for speeding, and as he’s walking up to the window he hears you say to a passenger, “Thank God we hid the drugs in the trunk!”, it’s probable cause for him to search the trunk. If he walks up to the car and sees you text something, he has no probable cause to assume that your text has anything to do with criminal activity.
> If immediate communications–such as
> might be found on a cell phone–are
> considered private information that needs
> a warrant to retrieve, then how can
> “things I say” not be considered such?
Because “things on my phone” include “conversations that don’t include the cops” whereas in your hypothetical (cop says, “I heard him say he was gonna kill that guy, and then he took out his gun.”) the conversation includes the cops?Report
In the hypothetical in which the cop says “I heard him say he was gonna kill that guy, and then he took out his gun,” we have an imminent threat of violence. Obviously an arrest is warranted, and that arrest should include a search of the would-be shooter’s person to remove weapons from him and probably restraints on his body so that he is unable to actually hurt anyone.
But I still don’t see how searching the would-be shooter’s cell phone after the fact is even rationally related to the threat of violence. Even if the statement (“I’m gonna kill that guy”) was made in a phone call, the identity of the person on the other end of the call is not relevant to much of anything.
We could change the hypothetical. Maybe the would-be shooter gets arrested for the threat of violence, and then when the guy is cooling his heels, restrained, in the back of the patrol car, the cop finds out there are other outstanding warrants for his arrest. One such warrant includes, I don’t know, wire fraud conducted over a cell phone. Even then I think there is still a need to get a warrant before searching through the phone, although now I’d agree that there is probable cause to link the phone to a crime and I’d say the warrant should issue. (I’m not saying the phone shouldn’t be searched; it should. With a warrant.)
There is no exigent circumstance, no threat of violence, no ready means of eviscerating evidence, that would require an immediate search of the phone. That’s why the search of the phone ought to be done only with a warrant.Report
We’re not talking about exigent circumstances here, which is what you’re describing, DD. And how would searching a cell phone help in a situation like that anyway?Report
Exigent circumstances are a defense against the accusation of illegal search? The suspection that the phone’s user was engaged in criminal activity certainly seems to constitute a claim of exigent circumstances.
This is not 1952. Telephones are not something that’s bolted to the wall. There’s a reasonable expectation, based on the behavior of, well, everybody, that you carry with you everywhere and use all the time will have information relevant to your current activities.Report
Keep in mind what issue is raised here: the exclusionary rule and warrants. We’re not talking about a lawsuit against the police for the search here. If a search was done unreasonably, then the evidence gained from that search is excluded from the trial. Exigent circumstances are things that make a search more reasonable than it would have been otherwise. You mentioned above the possibility of a threat of immediate violence; that would be such a circumstance because what is reasonable in a field situation pregnant with violence is different than what is reasonable in, say, the station-house with an arrestee in handcuffs sitting secured to a chair.
I absolutely agree with you that telephones today are significantly different than in the Fifties when some of the case law about what is reasonable and not concerning phones and crime started to be handed out. That’s why I take the position I do — a search through someone’s iPhone is a much more intrusive search, and much easier to accomplish, than a search through records of phone calls was sixty years ago.Report
I think that JG New’s comment below sums up my position, which is that if the police are allowed to look in my pocket then there’s no possible argument that prevents them looking in my phone.
Note that the issue here was not that the police looked through the guy’s phone, but that he immediately confessed. The first rule of dealing with the cops is to not talk to them. The second rule of dealing with the cops is to not talk to them.Report
A cop can look in your pocket to see if you have a gun or a knife, because there is a need to disarm you and make it more difficult for you to kill a cop while you’re resisting arrest.
The electronic data on a phone is not susceptible of use as a weapon.Report
Please direct followup comments to JG New’s post.Report
But I was responding to you, DD, not to JG New. I’ve read JG New‘s
postcomment and it is (so far as I know) correct as to what the law is. The Diaz case and Governor Brown’s veto make it clear that objectively, the law is that after you’ve been arrested, the police can look at any data on your phone whatsoever, an an incident of the arrest itself (just like a pat-down).There is no disagreement at all about what the law is. I thought we were discussing what the law ought to be.Report
This strikes me as saying that, because, when making a stop, police have probable cause to search a car when marijuana is sitting on the dashboard, it is absurd to deny them the right to search a car any time they make a stop.Report
“As a practical matter, all warrantless cell phone searches are legal now.”
Is that really true? Surely they still need probable cause….Report
To make the arrest in the first place, yes they do. (Most of the time.) The question is what constitutes a “reasonable search” once an arrest is made, and what constitutes an additional search which would require a warrant. If you want to argue that searching through a cell phone is like a pat-down, then you’re in good company — both the California Supreme Court and the Governor agree with you! I do not.Report
Hmm…not sure I’m eager to call searching a cell phone is like a pat-down, but I do think a PC search of a cell phone that’s suspected of being used in a crime is quite reasonable.Report
I’m not sure you can ever have a case where a cell phone *can’t* be suspected of being used in a crime. Heck, even the most unimaginative police officer in the world could probably think of a dozen or so scenarios wherein the phone might be related to whatever crime he’s arresting a suspect *for*.Report
True, but you’re not talking about “best practices” at that point. You’re talking about bad cops.Report
No, you’re not talking about “bad cops.” You’re talking about cops — and if your cops don’t act like that I’d sure love to live in your neighborhood.Report
No, I think he’s talking about what’s legal and allowable vs. what’s not.
Sadly, it’s now perfectly legal and allowed for cops to go on such fishing expeditions in California.
Jerry did, indeed, blow the call.Report
If there is PC to search a phone that is already in police custody, then getting a warrant before searching it seems like it would not be a significant imposition on the police.Report
It’s probably not a big imposition, but isn’t that somewhat different from how police treat searches of cars, boats, or suspicious packages? If they have PC, they search. If they don’t, they get a warrant.
Right?Report
If they don’t have PC, then the warrant application is likely to be denied, because PC is typically the threshold for getting a warrant in the first place.
If you want to argue that PC is the appropriate standard for a warrantless search of an arrestee’s cell phone, I would concede that is well within what the case law permits(see JG New‘s comment, infra); I am just not a fan of this line of case law, for reasons stated in the OP. In the Diaz case, I think the cops had PC to search the phone (drug dealers frequently use cell phones to transact business) and my only objection is that I think they should have got a warrant before doing it.Report
I am cautiously inclined to agree with your instincts re privacy, but the case law tends to argue against it. There is a line of federal cases (and some other state cases) that hold that a cell phone is a “container” and, as such, may be searched incident to arrest without a warrant, much as a wallet or woman’s handbag may be searched, See, e.g. United States v. Deans, 549 F.Supp.2d 1085, 1093–94 (D. Minn. 2008). If the personal information was carried on the arrestee’s person in paper (in a notebook or an address book, say), there seems to be little question that no warrant would be required to search it incident to a valid arrest conducted with PC.
The seminal case here seems to be the Supreme Court’s holding in United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218 (1973), in which the Court held that “containers” found upon a person incident to arrest may be searched without “additional justification.” There’s a good review of the current case law on the subject of cell phone searches incident to arrest in Smallwood v. State, 61 So.3d 448 (Fla. App.) 2011.Report
If I was only to search the contents of your phone (call history, texts, contacts, etc.), then the container argument might hold water. But a cell phone search can offer up a lot more, such as email (not necessarily stored on the phone), calendar data (not on the phone), etc.
A cell phone search can grant the police access to your entire online life.Report
Not mine! Nyah!Report
mine is off. Otherwise, godzilla or king kong might show up.
(yinz do know about being able to track someone based on their cell phone, right?)
[taking me seriously is inadvisable, though I do not lie.]Report
I leave my phone off and/or leave it at home often enough that if I ever have to answer for my movements in a court of law, the jury can have a reasonable doubt that the position of my cell phone in any way represents a predicable measure of my position in the world, at any time, without inferring nefariousness.
I do this not by design, it’s just the way I deal with the phone. Call it an unintended feature.Report
Does that really work? I could see this proving that if your cell phone is at home, it doesn’t mean you’re at home. But it can’t prove that you were at home when your phone was turned on miles away, so having your phone own would still work as a tracking device.Report
ya can always track the phone if it’s on. but who turns it on, except when you want to be seen or heard from?Report
It does mean that, “His phone was off at the time of the murder, isn’t that convenient!!!” doesn’t hold a lot of water. My phone is off about a third of the time.Report
How does that differ with searching your appointment book if paper, which it appears is ok. Or if you carried it with you a diary. JG New answered a question I had re the paper version of a cell phone as a container. It seems to me that the fact that the information is in digital form does not transform the facts of the case. With the appointment book one could get calendar data, and the like.Report
Sure, if the calendar data is stored on the phone, it would be analogous. If I synch my phone up with my gmail & google calendar, then instead of finding my datebook, what the police have is the key to a safety deposit box that happens to hold my mail & datebook.Report
Of course if you were carrying the physical documents in your car the police could search them. If you think about it syncing email and the like is sort of like carrying the physical documents around with you as well. Of course I have only a pots cell phone with not even a camera. The only info on it is a few phone numbers, but then I am retired.Report
This is… a really good point. There was a reason I couldn’t quite put my finger on that I couldn’t get excited about this issue and this is it.Report
I see the point, but a modern cell phone is more like a computer than a notepad. The information on it is not open to the casual observer. It requires navigating through several screens to get at the information. A fair amount of the information on the phone is not stored locally in the phone’s memory card, but is instead stored off-site and synched with the phone when needed. Should the police be able to open up and start browsing around my laptop as an incident of a search? I say, no, that sort of thing is not reasonably related to the process of arresting me.
And who says the police ought to be able (without a warrant) to look through a notebook after an arrest, anyway? Mad Rocket Scientist offers an analogy to a safety deposit box — something that pretty clearly does require a warrant before it can be searched.Report
One must assume that the off phone info is password protected, as indeed all voice mails are. If you have a weak password Newscorp will come calling to get your messages. Perhaps the solution is to keep the info in password protected form in the cloud and only view on demand if this is a concern.Report
So all of my phones are password protected, which means the only way police could search my phone is to either demand my password, or break it, both of which, in my opinion, should require a warrant.Report
I guess the Dead Kennedy’s were right about Jerry after all.Report
“Container” advocates — please consider this recent case. I’m interested in your reaction.Report