What Does Western Civilization Mean?
I’m not a language expert, but I know that one basic principle of language in practice is that you cannot open a dictionary and expect that to be the true meaning of a word. To know how and why people use a word, you have to look at how those people use it. This goes doubly for politically tinged words.
“Western civilization” is such a thing, and it’s gotten some renewed attention today thanks to this speech by Donald Trump.
Steve King is only one person, but if you watch this clip in its entirety, it is very obvious that he means white people who are Christian. There is no other honest interpretation of his words.
But that isn’t the only possible meaning. When I wrote I want to be part of Western civilization too, I didn’t mean I want to be white and Christian. I meant that I want to be a full and welcomed participant in the institutions that characterize the United States and Europe. Yes, these are countries containing many white people, but my interpretation of Western civilization is that their goodness does not derive from their whiteness but from economic, political, and social opportunities. And those things have very little to do with being white or Christian. That white Christians have lived in countries that have allowed them to benefit from these things is their privilege, but Christ did not write the US Constitution, and even if he did, he is not white.
I see on Twitter this morning that there is an inclination among liberals to ask “what does Western civilization even mean” and nitpick about geography. This is not going to be a winning strategy in the coming elections. Rather, reclaim the mantel of Western civilization from the racists. It has components that are worth defending. My family did not come here for the weather.
Articulate a vision for what the future of Western civilization should be that is not a monochromatic theocracy led by a Donald Trump or Steve King. Don’t feign ignorance. Don’t give up on the idea of Western civilization that can include people like me. We need you.
I like this definition of Western civilization: to have had your passport stamped in Athens, Jerusalem, and Rome, but not in Mecca.Report
That makes no sense. Islam is an essential part of “Western Civilization” – having basically created modern science and preserving and expanding upon Greek Philosophy in the early Middle Ages.Good lord, just look at MATH.Report
Islam rejected Western civilization, even if some ideas refined by Muslims (and later rejected by them) got taken up by it. There were some very innovative thinkers in early Islam, such as ibn Kuldun or al-Khwarizmi, who invented al-jabr. But many of the thinkers in Islam’s golden age were not the product of Islamic culture, they were part of cultures recently conquered by Islam and were taking pre-existing ideas (Persian, etc) and spreading them via the newly imposed common language, or were reacting to ideas that spread because of newly imposed common language.
When Islam conquered the heart of classical Western civilization (Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, the Eastern Roman Empire), it gained a huge influx of ideas that were not inherently Muslim. But being Islam, it preserved those ideas as examples of the state of knowledge prior to the revelation of the Koran, but rejected the truth of those ideas as being either contrary to the Koran, in which case they were false, or confirming the truth of the Koran, in which case they were redundant.
.Report
Why yes there were separate and different cultures that shared a common religion. That might be a really good insight to keep in mind. Nevertheless science advanced and was preserved when the cultures of …umm..other parts of the world didn’t have use for it. That seems to be something we should celebrate.Report
More clearly Islam rejected enlightenment and later western civilization. I have read comments that Islamic worship resembles the worship of the eastern church in the 7th century. So a large part of the issue is western civilization at what time, pre or post the 18th century for example?Report
It’s amazing how many experts on Islam there are in these parts.Report
Indeed. That’s because during the Gulf War and after 9/11, all the liberals said we should try to understand Muslims. So conservatives read racks of books about Muslims, Islam, Islamic history, Islamic theology, Islamic philosophy, etc. We read pretty much anything Muslims would print. I used to be an avid daily reader of Saudi and Iraqi newspapers.
Know your enemy, and all that. So that done, we have a lot of Westerners who know a whole lot about Islam. Heck, my daily chat buddy was an airborne Arab linguist who was often deployed to the Gulf and Med. He is still pretty fluent in what he calls Sandmonkeynese.Report
You really proved a point there G. Just not the one you think did.Report
I highly recommend you read The History of Islamic Political Thought (free PDF). I got it in paperback.Report
i highly recommend you ditch the trolling slurs if you want any respect around here.
I’ve ready plenty of stuff about Islam and you have never given me any reason to think you read anything but that which confirms your priors.Report
This. I’m tired of people who claim to understand Islam who ignore both Muslim history and what Muslim culture is saying today. People who assume that all religions say the same thing because that’s what someone told them Joseph Campbell said.Report
That’s fine and good but lots of people claim to know talk about Muslim history and such have a very jaundiced view. It would be easy, and wrong, to simplify all of Muslim history and culture into Evilllllll or Good narratives. Heck that would be as silly as thinking all Muslim culture is the same across ethnic cultures.
And taking ethnic slur boy George as a representative of one side of how to think about Muslims is telling.Report
I agree. I also find that the political leanings of the so-called “experts” change as the topic changes.Report
Strongly agree with George on this one.
Here is a fascinating article on the history of so-called Islamic “science”.
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/why-the-arabic-world-turned-away-from-scienceReport
???????????Report
I guess posting “Western Civilization is that thing that committed suicide” in simplified Chinese was my reach exceeding my grasp.Report
Meh, I might be interested in a discussion about this, but not under the rubric of “Steve Smith said a thing.”Report
Well, I’ll just quote Slate Star Codex and leave it there.
Report
I suppose I can’t leave it there. It strikes me as doing something monumentally unsustainable that will lead to relative unfitness that will result in its being overtaken and eventual obvious obsolescence and abandonment.
But maybe that’s what it looked like when the spark of the Greeks went through Rome, Britain, North America, etc. This is just the next stage of evolution.Report
Well, now, that there’s a decent demarcation for a discussion.
It summoned an alien entity from beyond the void which devoured its summoner and is proceeding to eat the rest of the world.
Even so, I’m still not interested in talking about Steve King.Report
Yet, here you are still talking about Steve King.Report
FWIW, I think his best was Cujo.Report
Dang, I honestly did not know that S.King did half the movies on this list.
I’m gonna stick with Shawshank… I mean, its really just a heist movie, and everyone loves heist movies.Report
I want a film treatment of Salem’s Lot. I still remember finishing the book at 2:00 am and opting to pull the covers over my head and sleep with the lights on rather than walking across the room to the light switch and having to walk back to the bed in the dark.Report
I haven’t read that; in general I don’t read or watch horror in the same way I don’t play with spiritualism or the supernatural (and obviously never the demonic). They don’t scare me so much as trouble me… if that makes sense.
Curiously, though, vampires don’t bother me — they are theological dead-ends… so obviously fake 🙂Report
I’m most of the way through Different Seasons, which is a collection of four novellas, none of them horror. It includes the stories that became The Shawshank Redemption and Stand By Me.
Recommended.Report
And The Breathing Method, if I remember right. That was kinda the end of his good period, if I do say so myself.Report
Yes. That one (the last, which I just finished) is horror of a sort.Report
I get that. King’s horror, at his worst, is just gross, full of non-sequiturs, and disturbing but not in a good way.
The novel It, for example, ends in [SPOILER ALERT] what I have a hard time describing as anything other than a gang rape. And even without that scene, there’s nothing in the novel to explain why after all these eons, this monster (which was a clown but happens to be kind of like a spider?!) is now finally going to spawn a new generation of monsters.
At his best, though, King is a tolerably good horror writer. I’m no aficionado, however, and maybe all the “best” horror writing is only “tolerably good,” at least for my tastes.Report
Gab,
There’s backstory for all that. (seriously, there is! And it’s not nearly as complicated as Doctor Who).
At his best, King is the best living fairy tale writer.Report
None of the other made-up beasties that go bump in the night bother me the same way — it’s just vampires. Something wired up wrong in my head, I guess.Report
Michael,
Vampires are a proxy for rape, with semi-willing victims.
Thought of like that, they’re kind of disgusting.Report
Be that as it may, the only nightmares I ever have that wake me up out of breath with adrenaline pumping are those where the vampire is about to get me.Report
Er heisst Andy Dufresne.Report
Are you making German grammar jokes in a Western Civ thread? How meta.Report
Yes, exactly. That article.
Guys, we’re not in Western Civilization. We’re in the civilization has has devoured Western civilization. Call it the Enlightenment civilization, or the science civilization, or the live-and-let-live civilization.
We just didn’t notice because we were first and it happened comparatively slowly for us.
Western Civilization was that whole Medieval thing. And before that, Rome, and Greece, etc.
Western Civilization had serfs, and slaves, and feudalism. It had divine right, and royalty with power, and the church entangled in people’s business.
And then the enlightenment infected everything.
The US barely got founded by Western Civilization. It was sorta on the cusp of the old and the new, during the transition.
And then Western Civilization invented industrialization, and, as the article said, ended up getting devoured by a demon that walks around wearing its skin.
If you really squint your eyes, the Civil War was probably a war between Western Civilization in the Confederacy, and this ‘Enlightenment culture’ in the Union. That is a really simplistic view, but not entirely wrong: Farms operated by people with no rights controlled by a few rich and powerful people is perhaps the most ‘Western Civilization-ish’, aka, Medieval, thing I’ve ever heard.
Most people basically recognize this, but mistakenly think of what is around now as Western Culture, that a culture had a war with itself. But I don’t think that’s right.
—
Of course, there are a Western aspects still left. (Hell, we still have things left over from Greece.)
But people in other cultures are not becoming ‘Westernized’. The best example of this is probably Japan, which everyone thinks is Westernized, but it turns out they just just overlaid the universal culture on top of their existing one, just like the US did.
We can tell because the stuff that truly is still ‘Western’, the last vestigial parts, didn’t get adopted at all by the Japanese. They didn’t become, for example, culturally (But often non-practicing.) Christians. (In fact, that isn’t even consistent across places that generally are considered Western.)
They didn’t get our hang-ups about sex, which also is again something that different ‘Western’ countries have entirely different systems about. (They instead got other, entirely different hang-ups about sex.)
In fact, while there are vestigial parts of Western culture in America, and probably the same in other countries that used to be part of Western culture, I’m not sure any of us have the same remaining parts, if that makes sense.Report
That’s an interesting idea, and I think there’s some truth to it, but given that the Enlightenment is a thing that happened in Western Europe and spread from there, it’s not really wrong to describe Enlightenment culture as Western culture. It would be one thing if the Enlightenment had happened first in Western Europe, and then happened again independently in North America, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Chile, Eastern Europe, etc., but that’s not what happened. Every single country that has adopted Enlightenment culture did so via direct or indirect contact with Western Europeans.Report
Brandon,
I don’t think you’re right about this. I think that Enlightenment culture has been derived in multiple places and times, and that in Western Europe is the only place it stuck.
Spain, it blew away like sand. Persia, the great Islamic Empires, even China, to some extent.
Trade is true culture’s lifeblood — where you have it, you have people who are ingenious.Report
That’s an interesting idea, and I think there’s some truth to it, but given that the Enlightenment is a thing that happened in Western Europe and spread from there, it’s not really wrong to describe Enlightenment culture as Western culture.
But that’s confusing, because what we, as Americans, think of as ‘Western Culture’ is not what is spreading. Only a specific part of it is spreading.
Sometimes it’s even overpowering parts of other cultures when it didn’t do that in America. For example, as I mentioned, the Japanese, people who have been entirely Enlightenmented, but not really ‘Westernized’. Considering their ‘capsule’ hotels, where you can rent, basically, a bunk bed with a door.
Those…are not from America, or any ‘Western’ place.
But they are not from Japan, either. They aren’t some weird aspect of Japanese culture that just showed up. They are what happens when Enlightenment culture doesn’t face some sort of native-cultural resistance to being crammed together, like we have in America. It says ‘Hey, you know, we build really really efficient hotel rooms if they were just beds, and charge really low prices for them.’
Americans resist that part of Enlightenment culture due to remnants of Western Culture. Places that still have some part of western culture wants their own bathroom and a place to easily change clothes in private, at minimum.
And trying to call what we have now as ‘Western culture’ also ignores the fact that, to at least some extent, ‘Western Culture’ vs. ‘Enlightenment Culture’ is the basis for the culture war in America.
Oh, both of them have added signifiers and all sorts of things to that, but, at the end, when people talk about ‘traditional values’, what they really mean are pre-enlightenment or at least pre-industry western ones. (And have failed to notice what they are harkening back to was just a facade on an already infected culture, and they’re not even remembering the facade correctly.)
And it’s complicated by the fact that neither side purely wants one or the other, and, being ‘cultures’, they are somewhat vague around the edges anyway, plus they’ve been cohabiting America from the start so are rather overlaid.Report
For me, Western Civilization means the ideas that trace their way back to the Greek philosophers during the Athenian Golden Age.
from here, we see the development of different and competing ideas about the definition of moral goodness, the understanding of man’s relationship to the universe, and the best way for humans living together to govern themselves. There is an enduring tension between the notion that elites with access to the best education know best, and the notion that there is wisdom and legitimacy to be had in accepting common, popular ideas. In both cases, it is humans who come up with the definition of the good, and humans who decide how they govern themselves.
The gods are relegated to the background, or openly questioned with vague Notions of monotheism bubbling about even in the writings of Plato and Aristotle, or even more shockingly for the late Bronze Age, their existence questioned outright and openly. the formal charge against Socrates, after all, was atheism.
Democracy is one of many competing models of government in western civilization. Inherent in the notion of Western Civilization is a struggle to decide when to use democracy and when to use other ways of creating rules. The presence of a dominant religion appears to be a constant thread, whether that be the worship of the old gods or the worship of the Christian God. However, it is also a constant element in western civilization that the dominant religion is subject to question and dissent. As the shift from paganism to Christianity demonstrates, Christianity is not inherently the dominant religion of Western Civilization, but there does appear to be a need for one religion to be dominant.
individual actors are celebrated. These may be clerics, politicians, Warriors, scientists, or poets. Western Civilization is very much about the achievements of individual people. Therefore, of necessity, individuals must to a large extent be free to behave as they see fit, and in some instances they may disobey the prevailing cultural, political, or religious regimes. And just as there are individual Heroes, there are also individual villains. In order to Rally westerners against something, it appears to be necessary to personify the enemy and distill the traits to be condemned into a single person. The Greeks did this with Xerxes, the Romans did this with Cleopatra, and the tradition continues into the 21st century as we villainize, say, Kim Jong Un or Whatshisname al-Baghdadi.
So I see Western civilization as one in which a dominant regime seeks voluntary acceptance from meaningfully free individuals within its power, and tolerates a meaningful degree of dissent from within that corpus of free individuals as a necessary price to achieve that buy in. Its form of government is never wholly democratic nor ever wholly autocratic, nor is there often universal agreement on much of anything. From within its internal conflicts and competitions come its greatest achievements. Big point is, it’s all about the individual within society. Not what the individual contributea to it.Report
Seems kind of like you are equating western civilization with “liberalism”.
Just an observation.Report
Well, I like liberalism too. And there’s some humanism mixed in there too.
I’m not suggesting the notion of inhe rent natural rights, though. Nor the concept of “consent of the governed,” Although “buy in” may seem a bit like that.”Buy in” might also be, “I don’t like him but he is the king.”
Nor do I suggest that western civilization is necessarily secular. Medieval Europe was certaonly not so — but theological differences persisted from before Constantine to well after the Thirty Years’ War. (There was no secular side to the Thirty Years War, though partisans frequently if incorrectly accused one another of atheism).
But I do think the spirit of individuality is distinctly western. The cultural emphasis on what an individual might do rather than on what one’s caste obligates one to contribute is a big reason liberalism grew with such fecundity in the west.Report
If the spirit of individuality is distinctly western, then Russia isn’t a western culture.
Do you really mean that?
Want the Kossacks and not the Russ?Report
Regarding the clip, I would have to go back and watch it again to be sure, and I certainly don’t want to do that, but it seemed like he started with talking about “civilization” and then the discussion quickly moved to “Western civilization.”
As for defining what it is, as a matter of pure taxonomy I generally go with Arnold Toynbee. Simplifying things a big, Western civilization is the culture of Western Christianity, i.e. Rome and the churches that split from Rome. This isn’t a religious distinction. Whether or not one professes Christianity today is largely irrelevant. It is a cultural distinction. Continuing on with Toynbee, Eastern Christianity is a distinct culture, closely related to Western culture. Both are the direct descendants of the Classical Greco-Roman civilization.
Once we hit the Renaissance things start getting muddled. There had always been interaction between civilizations where they met, but with advances in nautical technology people could really mix it up. The result is you get people like, say, Frederick Douglass. It would be just plain silly to not count him as a member of Western civilization. Yes, there are other elements, but that is true of Western civilization generally. Once the muddling began, influences went both ways.
Steve King’s implied exclusion of Hispanics from Western civilization is mere bigotry.Report
Hispanics aren’t part of Western Civilization or by now one of them would have won an Oscar for a leading role. Only one, Edward James Olmos, has even been nominated.
#OscarsSoNonHispanicReport
I agee with Richard. I would add a piece of evidence though:
Inglehart–Welzel Cultural Map
Western countries tend to be in the upper right quadrille where individualist values are highest.Report
I’ve seen that map before, and I’m just not sure what the continuum of survival versus self expression gets you. Without buying too much into Maslow, is anyone that surprised that Moldova puts a lot of importance on having enough potatoes so that you don’t die?
There’s clearly something worth noting about outliers like Taiwan, though.Report
Pinky,
It gets you small breeding populations that self-select for… well, I think you can figure it out.Report
One thing that stands out is that Russia and China map pretty close to each other without having much in common culturally. I assume they share a heightened degree of survival response due to exposure to the same violence emanating from the Asian steppes.
Also interesting that Greece maps within Catholic Europe and not Orthodox Europe. That could mean Greece should be considered part of the West under the theory that Rome transmitted Greek culture. Or it could mean that the rest of Orthodox Europe fell under Russian domination, from which it might eventually distance itself.Report
You’re over-thinking this, I suspect. If this were a map of the 1300’s, I’d wonder why Russia was more like China than it was like Greece. Given their post-WWII histories, the map makes perfect sense as-is.Report
Probably am. I mainly linked to the map to support the notion that the lines Richard is drawing don’t appear to be mere abstractions, but attribute to countries/regions having different values.Report
So Spinoza isn’t part of Western Civ?Report
If you start doing Spinozish things, will you be accused of cultural appropriation?
If not, then Spinoza is part of Western Civ.Report
I think he covered Spinoza in the Frederick Douglass discussion. If Spinoza lived in North Africa,would he have been Spinoza?Report
If Spinoza lived in North Africa,would he have been Spinoza?
Is Camus part of Western Culture?Report
If I say Camus was French, will you call that cultural appropriation? If not, Camus was French.Report
He was definitely French. But if he did not live in North Africa, would he have been Camus?Report
No, I think he probably would have been Peter.
The implied answer to the Spinoza in North Africa question is no, Spinoza writing on religion that gets him into some trouble in the Netherlands, gets him dead in an Islamic country. So, no Spinoza.Report
But Islam is arguably part of Western Civilization, too (though, granted, opinions differ as to its relationship with the Enlighenment/Post-Enlightenment) and if Spinoza Spinozed in the Netherlands, that would *ALSO* be Western Civ.Report
I don’t think Islam is part of Western Civilization. If you look at the cultural map I linked to above, people living in Islamic countries answer the world value surveys in the opposite fashion to those in Northern and Western Europe. If there is such thing as a Western culture, Islamic culture is its antitheses.Report
I see the argument for “Western Culture” meaning “Christendom” and “Post-Christendom” as well as fudging some definitions to get the Greek Fathers in there as well but, for a hundred years or so back in the dark ages, Islam was part of that.Report
The main problem with this is that Islam styles itself as a complete system of knowledge, the implications of which are softened by stories of the Prophet in which he explains why (and to what extent) it is permissible for the Faithful to apply foreign knowledge of medicine and military matters. This is the source of a rather large and detailed scholarship, which to cut to the chase would place Greek math as acceptable to borrow and Greek philosophy as not.
This is rather contrary to Western views in which Christianity is not seen as a complete system, and the attempt to expand its reach was largely through the adoption of Greek and Roman thought.
In any event, Islamic scholars of the last century or so spend way too much time comparing Islamic norms to Western norms to ignore the distinctions.Report
This is rather contrary to Western views in which Christianity is not seen as a complete system
So the Religious Right is not part of Western Civilization? Works for me.Report
PD Shaw,
No, Spain is the antithesis of Western Culture. Islamic culture is merely an offshoot of the same disease.Report
@pd-shaw
Spinzoa’s writings would probably have gotten him dead anywhere but the Netherlands, so does it make sense to call him part of “Western” culture?Report
Spinoza’s writing would have definitely got him attacked in Berkeley or any USC or Ivy League campus, so does it make sense to call them a part of Western Culture?Report
Spinoza writing on religion that gets him into some trouble in the Netherlands, gets him dead in an Islamic country.
I don’t think the Ottomans killed non-Muslims for their opinions on non-Islamic religions.Report
Spinoza’s opinions on substance/essence would have extended to Allah, though.Report
That poses a careful balancing act. He would have enjoyed the protections of dhimmi status, but that status would not have allowed him to publish thoughts on the nature of the divine to the Muslim Community. He could communicate privately within the Jewish community, but he would have been subject to their rules policing heresy. To the extent he would have enjoyed freedom to discuss religious matters, it was solely within the context of a collective right granted the Jewish community, and of course Spinoza from our world was expelled from the Jewish community.Report
Maimonides did, and he pretty much was.Report
Though he never played guitar in a Paul Simon sing.Report
Since this Toynbee, there is no place for the Jews in his cultural universe. We were an inconvenience to him.Report
To me, Western Civilization is the path to representative democracy, open inquiry and unlimited free speech. It is also the conflict of freedom of movement vs. freedom from trespass, including the never ending discussion of which of the two is right, at that moment. A willingness to see that other opinions are equally valid, for they are just opinions.Report
I loved this.Report
Same.Report
The term Western Civilization is mostly a Rorschach test for what the individual feels is important. There are to many things that could be thought of as part of WC that are also contradicted by plenty of very western people. Individualism is often cited as part of WC, and something i’m fond of, but lots of WC loving types have pushed back against it. I’d love to say the Steve King racists are WC but they have been part of it forever and are some of it’s loudest proponents. It’s not like they are new.
If WC is anything maybe it’s just that it can be whatever you want it to be. That is very modern American for sure. We can define it for ourselves, be the American or Western that we wish taking what we want from our various heritages. Of course that enrages the Steve King types who want to tell us exactly what we should think our civilization is. And those types have always been part of WC.
I don’t’ know whether its part of a couple thousand year old civilizational history, but one the aspects of the America that i love is that people of all types can come here to make their own life as they see fit. We aren’t defined by a particular ethnicity but by living here and trying to make a good life for ourselves.Report
I think “Western Civilization” is a Rorshach test, as you say. And I think we need to not let racists be the ones to define it, just as Vikram advocates.Report
I find this issue perplexing.
Like you and others here, I love many aspects of Western Civilization. Western civilization is the broad thing to me and I don’t see how it doesn’t start with the Sumerians on the Tigris and the Euphrates. But it includes everything from Ancient Greece and Rome to the Renaissance to Modernism to Jazz to Rock n’ROll and the Blues, the Beats, etc. I see it as anything that originated in the West. It is a geographic determination for me. So A David Henry Hwang play about the Asian-American experience is Western Civilization.
Yet too many on the right-wing use it to mean White Christianity (and often enough Protestant White Christianity with some acknowledgment of the Classics) and too many on the left are willing to go along with it because they want to denounce Imperialism, Colonialism, etc. These are good things to denounce but I am against the kind of knee-jerk thing that rejects what your opponents claim just so.Report
Western civilization is whatever comes from the Jewish-Greco-Roman cultural base.Report
I think the clearest distillation I’ve ever seen of what I think “Western” civilization is comes from Scott Alexander:
EDIT: Dammit, I see Jaybird has already beaten me to this upthread. C’est la vie, I suppose.Report
Western Civilization would be a good thing. I hope my children live to see it.Report
One good thing about Steve King: When he means Christian, he comes out and says it. None of this saying “Judeo-Christian” when we both know perfectly well you mean “Christian” BS.Report
They don’t literally mean that they don’t know what “western civilization” means. They just want everyone to know that they’re really good people.Report
The West means White EuropeanReport
I’m fine with calling for a defense of modernity and a defense of, for lack of a better term (natch), ‘neo-liberalism’* over a defense of ‘western civilization’ per se. I do want to include at the least Japan & ROK in whatever ‘good’ category we want to put countries in. (And there’s many more countries that are real close to good, just missing some elements of good governance and/or a little more time for economic development)
The only thing I object to about this topic was a statement from people on twitter that hang out around here and whom I respect. That statement put Russia outside of Western Civilization. Which is simply wrong, not because they are ‘white’, but because Peter Catherine, Lenin, and Stalin took every contemporary trend of Western Civilization in their day and amped it up to eleven.
*maybe ‘classical liberalism with modern characteristics’Report
When I talk about western civilization for comparative examples, I am referring to wealthy democracies. I cut it off at nations that have a purchasing power at parity (PPP) of $28,500 and a democracy index (DI) of 7.5. I find this eminently fair and great for measuring comparative success.
Country PPP DI
Australia $48,800 9.01
Austria $47,900 8.41
Belgium $44,900 7.77
Canada $46,200 9.15
Cyprus $34,400 7.65
Czech Republic $33,200 7.82
Denmark $46,600 9.2
Estonia $29,500 7.85
Finland $40,600 9.03
France $42,400 7.92
Germany $48,200 8.63
Iceland $48,100 9.5
Ireland $69,400 9.15
Israel $34,800 7.85
Italy $36,300 7.98
Japan $38,900 7.99
Luxembourg $102,000 8.81
Malta $37,900 8.39
Netherlands $50,800 8.8
New Zealand $37,100 9.26
Norway $69,300 9.93
Portugal $28,500 7.86
Slovenia $33,100 7.51
South Korea $37,900 7.92
Spain $36,500 8.3
Sweden $49,700 9.39
Switzerland $59,400 9.09
Taiwan $49,500 7.79
United Kingdom $42,500 8.36
United States $57,300 7.98Report
That’s all fine and good, but it has absolutely no metrics in the two freedoms problem, or access to preferences in individual means of production, or quantum of rent seeking going on in an economy.
That said, feel free to ignore those things.Report
This seems to capture two of the three legs of liberal institutions — relatively open access government (aka democracy), and relatively open access markets (aka free markets). The third leg is of course science, but science is the easiest one to import and export (you can buy technology) without necessarily having the institutional structure or culture to support or create it.
An interesting diversion on this topic is to look at the actual country of origin of the major technological, institutional and scientific advances which make up the Great Enrichment of the past two centuries. Encyclopedia Britannica and other online sources list out the major technological and institutional breakthroughs of all time along with their nation of origin and it is freakishly imbalanced. Just about every major invention for two hundred years has come out of a handful of nations in Western Europe and the US. Even more interesting is when you look at the output over quarter century intervals, with the U.K. And the US having outrageously disproportionate shares of world changing inventions during certain eras.Report
Thanks for that note Swami. I agree that what defines western civilization broadly, appears to be Freedom, Capitalism and Innovation. I’ll be hitting up that website.
To Joe Sal; this is my back of the napkin method of comparing apples to apples, so it isn’t meant to be too complicated.Report
Fair enough, I just wanted to point out the numbers could look good there, but if one stepped into the local condition, it could appear unsuccessful, and on the brink of unraveling state-wide.Report